56 As mentioned above, the first university in Japan was the University of Tokyo. Before actually arriving at its establishment, however, there were many twists and turns. The Meiji government took over the aca-demic institutions run by the Edo or “Tokugawa” shogunate and estab-lished the Main, South, and East schools of the university. But, these were divided after a struggle for control concerning whether education should be based on Chinese classics or on native Japanese works. The Ministry of Education was established at the same time as the promul-gation of the School System act, and five years later in 1877 the Tokyo Kaisei School for Western studies and the Tokyo Medical School were finally merged to form the University of Tokyo, with a preparatory de-partment and four undergraduate departments. Up until Japan’s defeat in 1945 the government’s educational policy was that mainstream education should be provided through state schools. During the period when Enryō was attempting to establish a private school, the law that served as the basis was the General Rules for Various Schools. According to a document titled “List of Tokyo Schools” dated 1889—while they were all technically “private schools”—schools for things such as sewing were treated in the same way as university pre-paratory schools. Thus, the list was not necessarily limited to higher ed-ucation and included a collection of “miscellaneous” items. The mod-ern private universities we have today all originated here. In those days, however, any kind of school could be established simply by submitting a notification. The government, with its state school-centered edu-cation policy, did not recognize private schools as institutions of higher education and did not incorporate them into the system.
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