53 Buddhist world but also by larger society, and he showed how it be-came the starting point for the modernization of Buddhism. Enryō wrote as many as sixteen books over a period of three years from 1885 when he was a fourth year university student. If we count this in sheets of Japanese manuscript paper, it numbers well over two thousand. It is thought that he must have gone straight to his reading and writing upon awakening, going back to sleep once exhausted, constantly working on his research day and night. There is a phrase “take the horizontal and make it vertical,” which in a negative sense refers to people taking horizontally-written West-ern literature, translating it into vertically-written Japanese, and claim-ing it as their own original work (in contrast to formally translated works). Enryō actively studied Western literature but we can see that rather than simply repackaging those ideas he actually digested the content and integrated it into his own theories. Thus, his early writings were successful in gaining social recogni-tion, but at great personal cost. According to Enryō’s notes. “December 24, 1885, admitted to university hospital in Hongō for hemorrhoids. Discharged January 14, 1886.” “April 14, 1886, underwent [hemorrhoid] removal.” “Around May 20 of same year, developed throat catarrh [an ill-ness causing throat inflammation and coughing].” “Around February and March, 1887, vomited bloody phlegm three or four times. Suffering Intractable Illness
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