highlighting the problem from January to June 1903. Fifty percent were from February to March and it is even said that “not a day goes by without a newspaper or magazine reporting on the Philosophy Academy Incident,” showing that it had become a public issue over-night. Most of the essays and articles were about the “unfairness of the Ministry of Education’s punishment,” while only a few con-sidered its actions valid. This reaction to the punishment was probably related to the criti-cism the Ministry of Education had already been receiving from so-ciety at the time. In 1902 the “Textbook Bribery Scandal” came to light. This involved large-scale corruption surrounding a textbook sales war. A total of two hundred people were arrested, including the prefectural governor, the assembly chairman, school inspectors, and officials of the Ministry of Education. Among them was Kumamoto Shigekichi, who, along with Kumamoto Aritaka, had supervised the graduation exams that led to the Philosophy Academy Incident. 132
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