form of accreditation for internal certification of teachers and de-ferment of conscription. Incidentally, Tokyo Vocational College and the Research Institute for the Japanese Classics obtained accreditation at the same time as the Philosophy Academy, with Keiō Academy and Japan Law School following. Thus, as of 1900, the Philosophy Academy had met both of the requirements for developing as a private school. Establishing the Philosophy Academy University Course On the other hand, in 1900 Enryō was appointed by the Ministry of Education as an examiner of textbooks for the cultivation of char-acter, and in 1901 he accepted an appointment from the Cabinet as a member of the council for higher education. His activities in the public sphere had become even more visible. In April 1902 when the necessary conditions for the development of the Philosophy Academy were in place, Enryō announced the opening of its university courses. From among the three departments of native studies (Shinto), Chinese classics (Confucianism), and Bud-dhist studies (Buddhism), those of Confucianism (Eastern ethics) and Buddhism (Eastern religious studies) were respectively estab-lished as the “Ethics” and “Education” courses. The entry require-ment was scholarly ability equal to that of a middle school graduate, and it would take five years to graduate. Native studies was excluded because there were already other schools specializing in Shinto. In the official announcement of the opening of the university En-ryō mentions the schools Keio and Waseda, as “good friends and forerunning elders” of the Philosophy Academy. He notes that Keio 120
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